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  <title>History of Humboldt-University - VLDB 2003</title>
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      <div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4" color="#FFFF00">History 
        of Humboldt-Universit&auml;t</font></b></div>
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        <p align="center"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="ressources/university_old.gif" width="510" height="298"></font></p>
        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The 
          university was founded in Berlin in 1810, and the founding concept by 
          Wilhelm von Humboldt was the vision to be the &quot;Mother of all modern 
          universities&quot;. This concept envisaged a &quot;Universitas litterarum&quot;, 
          a vision to unit teaching and research and to provide students with 
          an all-round humanist education. This concept spread throughout the 
          world and served as the foundation of many universities of the same 
          type over the next century and a half.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><img src="ressources/willhelm_von_humboldt.gif" width="160" height="213" alt="Willhelm von Humboldt"></p>
        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The 
          concept of the academician and statesman Wilhelm von Humboldt was influenced, 
          among others, by the reform ideas of the philosopher Johann Gottlieb 
          Fichte, the first vice chancellor of the university, and by the theologian 
          and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. From the outset, the university 
          in Berlin had the four classical faculties of Law, Medicine, Philosophy 
          and Theology. Its first academic term began with 256 students and teaching 
          staff of 52. Professors such as <a href="http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/hege.htm" target="_blank">Georg 
          Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel</a> (Philosophy), Karl Friedrich von Savigny 
          (Law), August Boeckh (Classical Philology), Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland 
          (Medicine) and Albrecht Daniel Thaer (Agriculture), shaped the profile 
          of the individual faculties in accordance with Humboldt's concept. Partly 
          due to the influence of the natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt, 
          the university was a pioneer in introducting many new disciplines. The 
          chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann, the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, 
          the mathematicians Ernst Kummer, Leopold Kronecker, Karl Theodor Weierstrass 
          (the &quot;triple star of Mathematics&quot;), and the medical scientists 
          Johannes M&uuml;ller and Rudolf Virchow became known in their specialist 
          areas far beyond the university in Berlin. </font></p>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/friedrich_schleiermacher.gif" width="182" height="213" alt="Friedrich Schleiermacher"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/alexander_von_humboldt.gif" width="151" height="213" alt="Alexander von Humboldt"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/Karl_Theodor_Weierstrass.gif" width="173" height="213" alt="Karl Theodor Weierstrass"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.gif" width="165" height="213" alt="Johann Gottlieb Fichte"></div>
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        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Later, 
          a total of 29 Nobel Prize winners did some of their scientific work 
          at the university in Berlin, including Albert Einstein, Emil Fischer, 
          Max Planck and Fritz Haber. And many famous people such as Heinrich 
          Heine, Adelbert von Chamisso, Ludwig Feuerbach, Otto von Bismarck, Karl 
          Liebknecht, Franz Mehring, Alice Salomon, Karl Marx and Kurt Tucholsky 
          were also enrolled at the &quot;Alma mater&quot; of Berlin. Heinrich 
          Mann was the first honorary doctor of the university after the end of 
          the Second World War.</font></p>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/heinrich_mann.gif" width="133" height="213" alt="Heinrich Mann"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/albert_einstein.gif" width="174" height="213" alt="Albert Einstein"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/max_planck.gif" width="147" height="213" alt="Max Planck"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/fritz_haber.gif" width="151" height="213" alt="Fritz Haber"></div>
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        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The 
          Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm II, donated the first building to the 
          university - the former Palace of Prince Heinrich of Prussia. It was 
          built from 1748 to 1766 on the splendid boulevard Unter den Linden, 
          and it saw major extension work from 1913 to 1920. When the Royal Library 
          was no longer sufficient for teaching requirements, a university library 
          was established in 1831. During the expansion of the university - since 
          1828 is had been called &quot;Friedrich Wilhelms-Universit&auml;t&quot; 
          - other institutions that already existed in the city were integrated.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><img src="ressources/university_new.gif" width="552" height="168" alt="Main Building (former Palace of Prince Heinrich))"></p>
        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">One 
          example is the still famous Charit&eacute;. Friedrich I had built a 
          quarantine house outside the city walls to counter the threat of the 
          plague. This &quot;plague house&quot; was used to accommodate the poor, 
          ill, and the frail. As early as 1726, in its function as a military 
          and citizens' hospital, this building was turned into a training centre 
          for military medicine and a school for doctors and surgeons. In 1727 
          the &quot;soldier king&quot; Friedrich Wilhelm decreed: &quot;The building 
          is to be called the Charit&eacute;&quot;. The Faculty of Medicine took 
          over the building in 1829. When establishing natural science institutions 
          in the second half of the 19th century, highly modern research and teaching 
          facilities arose. The school for treating animal medically was founded 
          in 1790 and was integrated as the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; the 
          agricultural college founded in 1881 became the Faculty of Agriculture. 
          In 1889 a building was opened at Invalidenstrasse 43 for the natural 
          history collections that had belonged to the university since 1810. 
          This building is now the Museum of Natural History. The close links 
          between the clinical and pre-clinical facilities of the Faculty of Medicine 
          created a generous spatial connection between scientific disciplines 
          at the turn of the century.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="ressources/chaupt_charite.gif" width="374" height="253" alt="Old Charite"></font></p>
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          The early decades of the 20th century were characterized by great academic 
          achievements and international attractiveness. In 1901, Jacobus Henricus 
          van't Hoff from the Netherlands received the university's first Nobel 
          Prize for Chemistry for his research into the laws of chemical dynamics. 
          The antiquity expert Theodor Mommsen published trendsetting work on 
          Roman history, and in 1902 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. 
          27 other Nobel Prizes reflect the outstanding scientific achievements 
          of the academics who worked at the university in Berlin. The chemist 
          Walter Nernst and the physicists Max von Laue, Gustav Hertz and James 
          Franck are worth noting. Emil von Behring received the first Nobel Prize 
          for Medicine for the development of an effective cure for diphtheria, 
          and some years later Robert Koch, who discovered the tuberculosis and 
          cholera bacteria, also obtained the Nobel Prize. </font> </p>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/Jacobus_Henricus_van%27t_Hoff.gif" width="151" height="213" alt="Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff"></div>
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              <div align="center"><img src="ressources/Theodor_Mommsen.gif" width="150" height="213" alt="Theodor Mommsen"></div>
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        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">When 
          the latest Nobel Prize for a (former) member of the university was awarded 
          to the co-founder of quantum mechanics Max Born in 1954 for &quot;Establishing 
          a new way of thinking about natural phenomena&quot; (Born), the university 
          had been through a dark chapter of German history: the expulsion of 
          Jewish academics and students and political opponents of National Socialism, 
          and the extermination of some, did great damage to the university in 
          the period from 1933 to 1945. And it was a shameful moment for the university 
          when students and lecturers took part in the burning of books on 10th 
          May 1933. After that and in the subsequent war years, many academicians 
          left the university which had once been renowned as the home of humanitarian 
          thoughts. Weakened by this great loss of scientific potential, teaching 
          was resumed in January 1946 with seven faculties in partly war-damaged 
          buildings. The political turmoil of the post-war period and the protest 
          of students and lecturing staff against the increasing Communist influence 
          on the university led to a division among the staff and students. As 
          a result, the Freie Universit&auml;t Berlin was founded in December 
          1948 in the American sector of the city.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="ressources/max_born.gif" width="163" height="213" alt="Max Born"></font></p>
        <p align="left"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
          From 1949, the university bore the names of the brothers Alexander and 
          Wilhelm von Humboldt. However, the university reforms of 1950 and 1967/68 
          caused the university to develop in a way that ran counter to its former 
          academic traditions and changed the academic content, study procedures 
          and research conditions in obedience to the ruling ideology. Nevertheless, 
          it was still possible in some areas to restore international contacts 
          and create world-wide cooperation. The longstanding and intensive research 
          and exchange links with the universities in Eastern Europe and particularly 
          in the former Soviet Union are worth special mentioning; many of these 
          links are without parallel in Germany. In addition, formal academic 
          cooperation with nearly all universities in the capital cities of Western 
          Europe has existed since the 1970s. Close relations to universities 
          in Japan and the United States, as well as Asian, African and Latin 
          American countries have been in place for some time. Following German 
          unification in 1990, Humboldt-Universit&auml;t seized the opportunity 
          to enhance international components in both teaching and research, and 
          to increase the mobility of its students. This was done with an explicit 
          continuation of previously existing international cooperation and exchange 
          agreements.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="ressources/staatsbibliothek.gif" width="372" height="253" alt="Staatsbibliothek"></font></p>
        <p align="left"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
          Future development is focused upon three areas: the strengthening of 
          contacts within the EC, especially under the auspices of the Sokrates/Erasmus 
          Program; the cultivation of academic and student exchange opportunities 
          with North American universities and colleges; and the stabilization 
          of relations with partner institutions in Central and Eastern Europe. 
          The university currently maintains formal contact to nearly 100 academic 
          institutions on all continents, and holds more than 450 formal contracts 
          within the Sokrates Program. Students from over 100 different foreign 
          countries are presently enrolled at Humboldt-Universit&auml;t. Foreign 
          students comprise 11,9% of the entire student population.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="ressources/komode.gif" width="377" height="253" alt="Komode"></font></p>
        <p align="left"><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
          Due to the unification Berlin maintains three universities. Thus, arising 
          from the problems connected with the unification process, Humboldt-Universit&auml;t 
          went through an extraordinary process of reorganization and succeeded 
          in gaining outstanding scientists and scholars from East and West, from 
          Germany and abroad. With the aid of partly external structural and appointment 
          commissions and with numerous expertises and recommendations from groups 
          of experts, Humboldt-Universit&auml;t developed its own new academic 
          structures. The content was evaluated, changed and redefined. At the 
          same time, the entire staff was subjected to personal and academic scrutiny. 
          Financial restrictions and structural factors led to a drastic reduction 
          in personnel.<br>
          As a result of the internal restructuring process, Humboldt-Universit&auml;t 
          today is made up of eleven faculties and two central institutes. The 
          present Medical Faculty Charit&eacute; of Humboldt-Universit&auml;t 
          zu Berlin has become the largest medical faculty in Europe as a result 
          of the merger of the University Clinic Charit&eacute; with the Virchow 
          Clinic of Freie Universit&auml;t Berlin.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><img src="ressources/dom.gif" width="253" height="377" alt="Berliner Dom"></p>
        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
          The teaching and research profile of the university covers all the basic 
          academic disciplines in the Arts, in Social Science, Cultural Science, 
          Human Medicine, Agricultural Science, Mathematics and Natural Science. 
          Today, 224 subject study courses or course combinations are offered 
          at Humboldt-Universit&auml;t. 19 disciplines lead to the &quot;Diplom&quot; 
          degree, and there are also &quot;Diplom&quot; degree courses in Interpreting 
          and Translation for twelve languages, including several Ea stern European 
          languages. The degree of &quot;Magister&quot; can be obtained in 59 
          different subjects The range of study courses also includes the courses 
          leading to the &quot;Staatspr&uuml;fung&quot; degree, i.e. Law, Medicine, 
          Dentistry and Pharmacy (to be discontinued), and the university and 
          church exams in Protestant Theology. A wide range of study courses for 
          teaching qualifications is offered, including the teacher qualification 
          for special schools with the associated specialization areas. New courses 
          are new and unique: 'The Reformed Medical Curriculum&quot;, &quot;Postgraduate 
          Master in British Studies&quot;, &quot;Transatlantic Masters&quot;, 
          &quot;Master of European Sciences&quot;, International Health&quot;, 
          &quot;Gender Studies&quot; and &quot;International Agricultural Sciences&quot; 
          , For this wide range of study courses, there were 37,655 students enrolled 
          for the winter term 2001/2002. The offers for additional studies, further 
          studies and supplementary studies will be extended further over the 
          coming years. Humboldt-Universit&auml;t has also begun again to offer 
          correspondence study courses which were formerly so much in demand, 
          Moreover, much is offered in the area of further scientific instruction, 
          interdisciplinary and public lectures, and the Faculty of Medicine offers 
          &quot;Senior citizen courses&quot;.<br>
          In many areas, research at Humboldt-Universit&auml;t is internationally 
          acclaimed, for example in Mathematics, Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, 
          Biology, History, Cultural and Art Studies, Scandinavian Studies, Economics 
          and Law. In eight collaborative research areas Humboldt-Universit&auml;t 
          is the coordinating university. There are 18 graduate research groups 
          coordinated by Humboldt-Universit&auml;t and one Innovation College. 
          Numerous projects have been implemented with the support of the European 
          Union. The university participates in 11 special research projects of 
          other universities, eight further graduate research groups and six research 
          groups sponsored by the German research association (DFG). Ten foundation 
          professorships have been established. Researchers representing a variety 
          of projects have participated in national and international fairs, such 
          as the CeBIT computer fair, the annual Hannover Fair and the agricultural 
          exhibition &quot;Internationale Gr&uuml;ne Woche&quot;. Almost 70 projects 
          are currently sponsored by trusts and foundations (VW Foundation, German 
          Science Sponsorship Association etc). The university's success in continuing 
          or resuming traditional partnerships and the interest shown by renowned 
          universities from all over the world show clearly that Humboldt-Universit&auml;t 
          plays an important and accepted role in the global scientific dialogue.</font></p>
        <p align="center"><img src="ressources/thaersaal.gif" width="337" height="237" alt="Thaersaal"></p>
        
      <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
        The cramped accommodation of the mathematical and scientific institutions 
        in Berlin Mitte led to discussions within Humboldt-Universit&auml;t as 
        early as 1991 on the possibility of combining them in Berlin-Adlershof. 
        In the winter term l998/99, the Department of Computer Science was the 
        first Humboldt department to move to Adlershof, and there was hardly any 
        campus atmosphere. The mathematicians left their locations in Berlin-Mitte 
        in March 2000, the chemists in September 2001. They now teach and research 
        in Adlershof. By 2003 the geographers, physicists and psychologists will 
        have moved into their own buildings. The biologists will move to their 
        new abode in Adlershof in 2007. The heart of the new campus is the Johann 
        von Neumann-Haus. Under one roof it houses a computing centre, a library 
        and a multimedia centre.</font></p>
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            <div align="center"><img src="ressources/informatik_adlershof.gif" width="250" height="152" align="middle" alt="Johann von Neumann-Haus"></div>
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            <div align="center"><img src="ressources/informatik_adlershof2.gif" width="229" height="152" align="middle" alt="Johann von Neumann-Haus"></div>
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        <p><font size="2" color="#000066" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As 
          a result of the difficult financial situation of the federal state of 
          Berlin and the resulting extreme austerity requirements, Humboldt-Universit&auml;t 
          is moving directly from the &quot;building up phase&quot; of recent 
          years to a phase of reduction. The university tries out new decision-making 
          structures; organizational forms and study course structures.<br>
          Despite of its unsteady and turbulent history over several decades, 
          the Humboldt-Universit&auml;t zu Berlin has remained true to its principles 
          concerning the unity of research and teaching.</font><br>
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