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.TH echo 1 "29 Nov 2022" "Oracle Solaris 11.4" "User Commands"
.SH NAME
echo \- echo arguments
.SH SYNOPSIS

.LP
.nf
\fB/usr/bin/echo\fR [\fIstring\fR]...
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
.LP
The \fBecho\fR utility writes its arguments, separated by BLANKs and terminated by a NEWLINE, to the standard output. If there are no arguments, only the NEWLINE character is written.
.sp
.LP
\fBecho\fR is useful for producing diagnostics in command files, for sending known data into a pipe, and for displaying the contents of environment variables.
.sp
.LP
The C shell, the Korn shell, and the Bourne shell all have \fBecho\fR built-in commands, which, by default, is invoked if the user calls \fBecho\fR without a full pathname. See \fBshell_builtins\fR(1). The \fBecho\fR provided by \fB/usr/sunos/bin/sh\fR, \fBksh88\fR, \fBksh\fR, and \fB/usr/bin/echo\fR understand the backslashed escape characters, except that \fB/usr/sunos/bin/sh\fR does not understand \fB\ea\fR as the alert character. In addition, \fBksh88\fR's and \fBksh\fR's \fBecho\fR does not have an \fB-n\fR option. \fBcsh\fR's \fBecho\fR and \fB/usr/ucb/echo\fR (which existed in previous releases of Solaris), on the other hand, have an \fB-n\fR option, but do not understand the backslashed escape characters. \fBsh\fR and \fBksh88\fR determine whether \fB/usr/ucb/echo\fR is found first in the \fBPATH\fR and, if so, they adapt the behavior of the \fBecho\fR builtin to match the BSD environment of \fB/usr/ucb/echo\fR.
.SH OPERANDS
.sp
.LP
The following operand is supported:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fIstring\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 10n
.rt
A string to be written to standard output. If any operand is "\fB-n\fR", it is treated as a string, not an option. The following character sequences is recognized within any of the arguments:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\ea\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Alert character.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\eb\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Backspace.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\ec\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Print line without newline. All characters following the \fB\ec\fR in the argument are ignored.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\ef\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Form feed.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\en\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Newline.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\er\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Carriage return.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\et\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Tab.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\ev\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Vertical tab.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\e\e\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Backslash.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB\e0\fR\fIn\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 8n
.rt
Where \fIn\fR is the 8-bit character whose \fBASCII\fR code is the 1-, 2- or 3-digit octal number representing that character.
.RE

.RE

.SH USAGE
.sp
.LP
Portable applications should not use \fB-n\fR (as the first argument) or escape sequences.
.sp
.LP
The \fBprintf\fR(1) utility can be used portably to emulate any of the traditional behaviors of the \fBecho\fR utility as follows:
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
The Oracle Solaris 11.4 \fB/usr/bin/echo\fR is equivalent to:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
\fBprintf "%b\en" "$*"\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.RE
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
BSD behavior of \fBecho\fR is equivalent to:
.sp
.in +2
.nf
if [ "X$1" = "X-n" ]
then
        shift
        printf "%s" "$*"
else
        printf "%s\en" "$*"
fi
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.RE
.sp
.LP
New applications are encouraged to use \fBprintf\fR instead of \fBecho\fR.
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
\fBExample 1\fR Finding how far below root your current directory is located

.sp
.LP
You can use \fBecho\fR to determine how many subdirectories below the root directory (\fB/\fR) is your current directory, as follows:

.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
Echo your current-working-directory's full pathname.

.RE
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
Pipe the output through \fBtr\fR to translate the path's embedded slash-characters into space-characters.

.RE
.RS +4
.TP
.ie t \(bu
.el o
Pipe that output through \fBwc\fR  \fB-w\fR for a count of the names in your path.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fB/usr/bin/echo $PWD | tr '/' ' ' | wc -w\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp

.RE

.sp
.LP
See \fBtr\fR(1) and \fBwc\fR(1) for their functionality.
.sp
.LP
Below are the different flavors for echoing a string without a NEWLINE:
.LP
\fBExample 2\fR /usr/bin/echo

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fB/usr/bin/echo "$USER's current directory is $PWD\ec"\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 3\fR Bourne & Korn shells

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example$ \fBecho "$USER's current directory is $PWD\ec"\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 4\fR C shell

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fBecho -n "$USER's current directory is $PWD"\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.LP
\fBExample 5\fR /usr/ucb/echo

.sp
.in +2
.nf
example% \fB/usr/ucb/echo -n "$USER's current directory is $PWD"\fR
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
.sp
.LP
See \fBenviron\fR(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of \fBuname\fR: \fBLANG\fR, \fBLC_ALL\fR, \fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and \fBNLSPATH\fR.
.SH EXIT STATUS
.sp
.LP
The following error values are returned:
.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
Successful completion.
.RE

.sp
.ne 2
.mk
.na
\fB\fB>0\fR\fR
.ad
.RS 6n
.rt
An error occurred.
.RE

.SH ATTRIBUTES
.sp
.LP
See \fBattributes\fR(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
.sp
.TS
tab(
) box;
cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) 
lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) 
.
ATTRIBUTE TYPE
ATTRIBUTE VALUE
_
Availability
system/core-os
_
CSI
Enabled
_
Interface Stability
Committed
_
Standard
See \fBstandards\fR(7).
.TE
.sp
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
.LP
\fBksh\fR(1), \fBprintf\fR(1), \fBshell_builtins\fR(1), \fBtr\fR(1), \fBwc\fR(1), \fBascii\fR(7), \fBattributes\fR(7), \fBenviron\fR(7), \fBstandards\fR(7)
.SH NOTES
.sp
.LP
When representing an 8-bit character by using the escape convention \fB\e0\fR\fIn\fR, the \fIn\fR must \fBalways\fR be preceded by the digit zero (\fB0\fR).
.sp
.LP
For example, typing: \fBecho 'WARNING:\e\|07'\fR prints the phrase \fBWARNING:\fR and sounds the "bell" on your terminal. The use of single (or double) quotes (or two backslashes) is required to protect the "\|\e" that precedes the "07".
.sp
.LP
Following the \fB\e0\fR, up to three digits are used in constructing the octal output character. If, following the \fB\e0\fR\fIn\fR, you want to echo additional digits that are not part of the octal representation, you must use the full 3-digit \fIn\fR. For example, if you want to echo "ESC 7" you must use the three digits "033" rather than just the two digits "33" after the \fB\e\|0\fR.
.sp
.in +2
.nf
2 digits         Incorrect:      echo "\e0337" | od -xc
                 produces:       df0a                     (hex)
                                 337                      (ascii)
3 digits         Correct:        echo "\e00337" | od -xc
                 produces:       lb37 0a00                (hex)
                                 033 7                    (ascii)
.fi
.in -2
.sp
.sp
.LP
For the octal equivalents of each character, see \fBascii\fR(7).
.sp
.LP
In previous releases of Solaris, there was a \fB/usr/ucb/echo\fR command that had slightly different behavior from the \fBecho\fR command described here. \fB/usr/ucb/echo\fR did not support backslash escapes and \fB/usr/ucb/echo\fR had an \fB-n\fR option that the \fBecho\fR described here does not have. The \fB-n\fR option, which ensures that a newline character is not added to the output, can be found with \fB/usr/gnu/bin/echo\fR.